How it works:  
All foreign nationals are required to have Visa to visit Turkmenistan. Tourist Visa can be issued based on Letter of Invitation (LOI) approved by the Migration Service of Turkmenistan on the basis of application submitted to them by a licensed tour operator in Turkmenistan.
Letter of application will be submitted by Nomad's Land not earlier than 2 months before the date of planned entry to Turkmenistan and not later than 20 days before arrival of our guests. 
The application result is usually known within 10-15 working days (about 2-3 weeks) after such application has been submitted. 
With printed and approved copy of your LOI, you can then receive your Visa at the nearest Embassy of Turkmenistan abroad; as well as at most land borders on arrival including the international Airport of Turkmenistan in Ashgabat city.
Where to apply for Turkmenistan Visa?
Travellers may apply for a visa at any Turkmenistan embassy or consulate abroad or obtain it directly at the Turkmen land border at Farab (Bukhara, Uzbekistan), Shavat (Khiva, Uzbekistan), Khojeyli (Nukus, Uzbekistan); Gaudan (Bajgiran/Mashhad, Iran), Bekdash (Aktau, Kazakhstan). Visa is not issued at the land borders of Serakhs (Iran), Serhetabat (Afghanistan) and Turkmenbashy (the Caspian Sea Port).

Ready to apply? Next steps…
In order to apply for your LOI, we will need:
•    Digital copy of color scan of your passport (Main page with personal information and Photo)
•    Digital copy of your Photo (sized 5x6), 
•    And filled application form (Sample will be provided)

We arrange Letter of Invitation (LOI) on basis of a tour booked with us. 
Together with your data, we obligated to attach information regarding your route, indicating places that you will visit throughout the tour, and exact dates and points of your entry/exit. 
It means that we have to customize your Turkmenistan itinerary first. You are always welcome to contact us for further information. We offer variety of high quality tours with relatively different costs, and will be happy provide you with all necessary informational support in short space of time.

Please note that immigration fee (14 USD per person, paid in USD only upon arrival on border) and cost of Visa itself (55 – 155 USD) Citizenship dependent (paid in USD only upon arrival on border or at nearest Embassy of Turkmenistan) will be charged extra!
 

On June 1 2016 the new portal for issuance of electronic visas “e-Visa”, (https://www.evisa.tj) which enables foreign citizens willing to enter the country with tourist or business visas to complete the electronic application and receive the electronic visa without visiting consulate representatives of Tajikistan abroad, commences its operation.

The passport holders of the following nationalities (countries) are eligible to enter Tajikistan without visa.

• Afghanistan- with Diplomatic passports up to 30 days
• Armenia
• Azerbaijan- for diplomatic, official and the ordinary passports up to 90 days
• Belarus
• Georgia
• Kazakhstan
• Kyrgyzstan
• Moldova
• Russian Federation
• North of Korea - for diplomatic, service passports
• South of Korea - for diplomatic, service passports up to 90 days
• China- for diplomatic, official and service passports of common mission up to 30 days
• Brunei-Darussalam- for diplomatic, service passports up to 14 days
• Hungary- for diplomatic and service passports up to 90days
• Romania- for diplomatic and service passports up to 90days
• Pakistan- for diplomatic passports up to 90days
• India- for diplomatic and service passports up to 30 days
• The Islamic Republic of Iran- for diplomatic and service passports up to 3 months
• Turkmenistan- for diplomatic passports up to 30 days
• Ukraine - for diplomatic, official and the ordinary passports up to 3 months
• Uzbekistan- for diplomatic passports up to 30 days

Tajikistan Visa Application requirements:

• Letter of Invitation (LOI), also referred as Visa support letter;
• Valid passport (be sure that you have 2 clear pages for visa and entry/exit stamps and passport should not expire rather than 6 months before expiration of visa);
• Two completed application forms;
• Passport-size colour photo (3,5 * 4,5);
• Receipt on payment of state duty and consular fee;
• Petition of the tourist organizations which are licensed to do tourist activities;
• For those traveling to GBAO or Pamir region, it is required to submit a letter stating that the applicant is requesting a permit to enter the mentioned area.

Consular fee for urgent services is equal to 100% of the original price of visa.

Price of visas through e-visa portal : Tourist's visa fee is $50 - GBAO Permit : $20 

Important note: Tajik visas are not more delivered at airports.

Visa-Free Entry: Citizens of 90 countries, including the United Arab Emirates and certain individuals aged 55 and above, can enter Uzbekistan without a visa, with varying lengths of stay ranging from 10 days to one year, depending on their nationality.

Visa Application Requirements: To obtain a visa in Uzbekistan, travelers must provide documents such as their passport, identity photos, a visa support letter (if necessary), and pay consular fees. There are three methods to obtain a visa: electronic, through the embassy, or at Tashkent Airport.

Visa Fees: Visa fees vary depending on the method of application, length of stay, and the applicant's nationality. Costs can range from 20 to 200 USD.

Electronic Visa: Travelers from many countries can obtain an electronic visa by filling out an online form, paying the fees, and receiving an electronic visa within three days. The cost depends on the number of entries, ranging from 20 to 50 USD.

List of Visa-Free Countries: Citizens of several countries, including Azerbaijan, Germany, Canada, France, and many others, can enter Uzbekistan without a visa or via an electronic visa.

Embassy Visa: Travelers can obtain a visa in Uzbekistan through the embassy by obtaining visa support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan.

Transit Visa: Transit visas are required for certain nationalities, and Uzbekistan also offers visa-free transit entry for citizens of 35 countries for a maximum period of 5 days, with specific conditions.

Kyrgyz carpets - "kiyiz" and "shyrdak" are made of warm felt and are always rich decorated with ornament. Shyrdak is made with help of mosaic technique of application, based on closing of felt blanks with multicolored threads. Ala-kiyiz is made by ramming, rolling the different-colored fur into the friable felt basis. In first case - cleanness of lines, in second - their fuzziness. This "color running" makes effect of abruptness and gives ala-kiyiz softness, water-colorness.

Mats and screens - as a rule are the whole art composition, got by braiding of every cheegrass stalk by multicolored fur. On hand-made machines, women wove from thick threads the braid (boo) of different ornaments. They embroidered by fur and gold thread on leather, felt, chamois and broadcloth.

You will not have problem with using of Plastic Card in Bishkek, Osh and Cholpon-Ata. You can get money using cash-machine. You can't use plastic card to pay.

The Epic of Manas is an ancient epic poem of the Kyrgyz people, who are an ethnic group primarily living in Kyrgyzstan, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. It is considered one of the world's longest epic poems, with more than half a million lines of verse, and is regarded as a masterpiece of Kyrgyz literature.

The epic tells the story of the life of Manas, a legendary hero and warrior, and his descendants. The story includes battles, love stories, and the struggle of the Kyrgyz people against their enemies. Manas is depicted as a wise and brave leader who unites the Kyrgyz tribes and leads them to victory against their enemies.

The Epic of Manas is an oral tradition that has been passed down through generations of Kyrgyz people for centuries. It is usually recited by special storytellers known as manaschis, who memorize the poem and perform it for audiences. The epic has been an important part of Kyrgyz culture and identity and has helped to preserve the history, culture, and traditions of the Kyrgyz people.

In 2009, the Epic of Manas was declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. This recognition highlights the epic's significance as a cultural heritage of the Kyrgyz people and as an important part of the world's literary and cultural heritage.

Lightweight clothes are advised for the summer months, medium- to heavyweight clothing is necessary during the winter.

Documents and police controls:

Kyrgyz law requires that everyone be in possession of their documents (passport, visa or copy thereof). It is very rare to be checked in villages. In the event of illegal treatment by police officials, you must call your embassy or consulate. Never give your documents to the police representative, show them only. A police officer must be in uniform to control you. You can require an interpreter and a lawyer if you wish.

Respect for cultures and traditions:

As in all Asian countries, there are certain rules to follow, which are generally similar from one country to another. In Kyrgyzstan, more than 80 ethnic groups live side by side, some of them for several centuries. The Kyrgyz ethnic group is the largest, and we will give you some travel tips.

In Kyrgyzstan, the most important and respected character is given to the Ak-Sakal (translates as White beard), is the title given to the ancestors. Do not refuse the invitation of an Ak-Sakal to return to his yurt, it is an excellent opportunity for you to learn more about the life of nomads. The oldest people are seated in front of the front door of the yurt or a house. There will be tea, jam and butter on the table.

At the beginning or at the end of a meal, you put your hands in front of your face "Omin" (Islamic ritual of blessing of food). The Kyrgyz will be very proud to show his neighbors that you are his guest. You can give small gifts to children, but in general, it is the guest who must leave with a gift.

Kazakh Khanate Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Neolithic Age: the region's climate and terrain are best suited for nomads practicing pastoralism. Archaeologists believe that humans first domesticated the horse in the region's vast steppes.

Central Asia was originally inhabited by Indo-Iranians. The best known of those groups was the nomadic Scythians.

The Cumans entered the steppes of modern day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the Kipchaks and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities Taraz (Aulie-Ata) and Hazrat-e Turkestan had long served as important way-stations along the Silk Road connecting East and West, real political consolidation only began with the Mongol invasion of the early 13th century. Under the Mongol Empire, administrative districts were established, and these eventually came under the rule of the emergent Kazakh Khanate (Kazakhstan).

Throughout this period, traditionally nomadic life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the steppe. In the 15th century, a distinct Kazakh identity began to emerge among the Turkic tribes, a process which was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the Kazakh language, culture, and economy.

Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring Persian-speaking peoples to the south. At its height the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control the land previously known as Cumania. The Kazakhs nomads would raid people of Russian territory for slaves until the Russian conquest of Kazakhstan. From the sixteenth through the early nineteenth century, the most powerful nomadic peoples were the Kazakhs and the Oirats.

By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes (jüz). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between East and West weakened the Kazakh Khanate. Khiva Khanate used this opportunity and annexed Mangyshlak Peninsula. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.

During the 17th century, Kazakhs fought Oirats, a federation of western Mongol tribes, including Dzungars. The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 war against the Dzungars, following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of Abul Khair Khan, the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729. Ablai Khan participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungars from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "batyr" ("hero") by the people. Kazakhs were also victims of constant raids carried out by the Volga Kalmyks. Kokand Khanate used weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan including Almaty, formal capital at first quarter of 19th century. Also, Emirate of Bukhara ruled Chimkent before Russian arrival.

Kazakhstan under Russian Empire Rule
In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand into Central Asia. The "Great Game" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. The tsars effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" between itself and the British Empire. The first Russian outpost, Orsk, was built in 1735. Russia enforced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organizations. Russian efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment by the Kazakh people, and by the 1860s, most Kazakhs resisted Russia's annexation largely because of the influence it wrought upon the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and the associated hunger that was rapidly wiping out some Kazakh tribes. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle them.

From the 1890s onwards, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began colonizing the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular the province of Semirechye. The number of settlers rose still further once the Trans-Aral Railway from Orenburg to Tashkent was completed in 1906, and the movement was overseen and encouraged by a specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in St. Petersburg. During the 19th century about 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century. Vasile Balabanov was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.

The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of Tsarist Russia, with the most serious uprising, the Central Asian Revolt, occurring in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and Cossack settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.

Kazakhstan under Soviet rule
Although there was a brief period of autonomy (Alash Autonomy) during the tumultuous period following the collapse of the Russian Empire the Kazakhs eventually succumbed to Soviet rule. In 1920, the area of present-day Kazakhstan became an autonomous republic within the Soviet Union.

Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced collectivization in the late 1920s–1930s, brought mass hunger and led to unrest (see also: Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33). The Kazakh population declined by 38% due to starvation and mass emigration. Estimates today suggest that the population of Kazakhstan would be closer to 28-35 million if there had been no starvation or migration of Kazakhs. During the 1930s, many renowned Kazakh writers, thinkers, poets, politicians and historians were killed on Stalin's orders, both as part of the repression and as a methodical pattern of suppressing Kazakh identity and culture. Soviet rule took hold, and a Communist apparatus steadily worked to fully integrate Kazakhstan into the Soviet system. In 1936 Kazakhstan became a Soviet republic. Kazakhstan experienced population inflows of millions exiled from other parts of the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s; many of the deportation victims were deported to Siberia or Kazakhstan merely due to their ethnic heritage or beliefs. For example, after the German invasion in June 1941, approximately 400,000 Volga Germans were transported from Ukraine to Kazakhstan.

Deportees were interned in some of the biggest Soviet labor camps, including ALZHIR camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people". The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic contributed five national divisions to the Soviet Union's World War II effort. In 1947, two years after the end of the war, the Semipalatinsk Test Site, the USSR's main nuclear weapon test site, was founded near the city of Semey.

World War II led to an increase in industrialisation and mineral extraction in support of the war effort. At the time of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's death, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agriculturally based economy. In 1953, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev initiated the ambitious "Virgin Lands" program to turn the traditional pasture lands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernizations under Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. By 1959, Kazakhs made up 30% of the population. Ethnic Russians accounted for 43%.

Growing tensions within Soviet society led to a demand for political and economic reforms, which came to a head in the 1980s. A factor that contributed to this immensely was Lavrentii Beria's decision to test a nuclear bomb on the territory of Kazakh SSR in Semey in 1949. This had a catastrophic ecological and biological consequences that were felt generations later, and Kazakh anger toward the Soviet system escalated.

In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called Jeltoqsan riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Dinmukhamed Konayev with Gennady Kolbin from the Russian SFSR. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost.

Independence
On 16 December 1991, Kazakhstan became the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Its communist-era leader, Nursultan Nazarbayev, became the country's first President, a position he has retained for more than two decades.

Caught up in the groundswell of Soviet republics seeking greater autonomy, Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty as a republic within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in October 1990. Following the August 1991 aborted coup attempt in Moscow and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan declared independence on 16 December 1991.

The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana. (Wikipedia)

Chinese civilization - one of the oldest in the world. According to the Chinese researchers, its age may be five thousand years, and the available written sources cover a period at least 3500 years. The presence of administrative systems, which improved replacing each other dynasties, the early development of the major agricultural centers of the basins in the Yellow River and Yangtze River, has created benefits for the Chinese state, whose economy was based on the development of agriculture, compared with its neighbors-nomads and mountaineers. Chinese civilization introducing Confucianism as the state ideology (I century BC) аnd a single writing system. 

It should be understood that the study of such a length of time associated with a strong asymmetry in the amount of historical data sources, while the relative unity of the Chinese civilization has meant that late epoch actively identifies himself with its predecessors, interprets tradition. To facilitate an objective perception of the entire length of China's history, use the following division, based on the traditional Han Chinese historiography:

• Ancient China ( Xia, Shang. Zhou- till 221 BC)
• Imperial China 
• New China (1991- present day)

The history of Nepal has been influenced by its position in the Himalayas and its two neighbours, modern day India and China. Due to the arrival of disparate settler groups from outside through the ages, it is now a multiethnic, multiracial , multicultural, multi religious, and multilingual country. Central Nepal was split in three kingdoms from the 15th century until the 18th century, when it was re-unified under the Shah monarchy. The national and most spoken language of Nepal is Nepali.

Nepal experienced a struggle for democracy in the 20th century. During the 1990s and until 2008, the country was in civil strife. A peace treaty was signed in 2008 and elections were held in the same year. In a historical vote for the election of the constituent assembly, Nepalese parliament voted to oust the monarchy in June 2008. Nepal became a federal republic and was formally renamed the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.

The history of Mongolia merges with the history of nomadic peoples who populated the steppes of Central Asia.

The sources of the Amur River that forms the border with China and Russia, Mongolia is the heart of the steppes of Central Asia and has often been the starting point of fearsome warriors who, when they were able to unite their tribes pastoralists, have carve out empires, in breaking with their bows and small horses to southern China, and India, and even in Western Europe (Huns of Attila, Bulgarians, Avars, Hungarian framed by Hun aristocracy).

Heir of Genghis Khan and his vast empire of the thirteenth century, pacified by the Manchus in the seventeenth century, became independent of China in 1911 with the help of Russia, Mongolia exercises in democracy today with the assistance from the international community.

Many archaeological sites are  discovered from the Stone Age (in the mountains of the Balkan Mountains), then as early as 6000 BC. Agriculture leaves his first tracks. Already in the Bronze Age civilization in Turkmenistan was sophisticated. In ancient Persia, the city of Merv becomes a regional capital founded by Alexander the Great. But unfortunately, cities and populations disappear after passing Chengis Khan.

The story as culture is strongly marked by the passage of Alexander the Great after submitting the Scythians in 329 BC. AD Then the territory of Tajikistan shall be submitted by the Mongol Empire (and later named "Mogul Empire"). It is ultimately the Russians and the Soviets who control this small country before it became an independent Islamic Republic.

The earliest ancestors of the Kirghiz people, who are believed to be of mixed Mongol and Kipchak descent, probably settled until the 10th century around what is now the Tuva region of the Russian Federation. With the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. They did not emerge as a distinct ethnic group until the 15th century. Various Turkic peoples ruled them until 1685, when they came under the control of the Kalmyks (Oirats, Dzungars). Islam is the predominant religion in the region, and most of the Kyrgyz are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi school.

In the early 19th century, the southern territory of today's Kyrgyzstan came under the control of the Khanate of Kokand, and the territory was formally incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1876. The Russian takeover instigated numerous revolts against tsarist authority, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to move to the Pamirs and Afghanistan. In addition, the suppression of the 1916 rebellion in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz to migrate to China.

Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1919, and the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian SFSR (the term Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kirghiz). On December 5, 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was established as a full Union Republic of the USSR.

During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational, and social life. Literacy was greatly improved, and a standard literary language was introduced. Economic and social development also was notable. Many aspects of the Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite the suppression of nationalist activity under Stalin, and, therefore, tensions with the all-Union authorities were constant.

The early years of glasnost had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, Literaturny Kirghizstan, by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function.

In June 1990, ethnic tensions between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz surfaced in the Osh Oblast, where Uzbeks form a majority of the population. Violent confrontations ensued, and a state of emergency and curfew were introduced. Order was not restored until August.

The early 1990s brought measurable change to Kyrgyzstan. By then, the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. In an upset victory, Askar Akayev, the liberal President of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, was elected to the Presidency in October 1990. The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new government comprised mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians.

In December 1990 the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. (In 1993, it became the Kyrgyz Republic.) In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its prerevolutionary name of Bishkek. The Kyrgyz language replaced Russian as the official language in September 1991. (Kyrgyz is a member of the Southern Turkic group of languages and was written in the Arabic alphabet until the 20th century. Latin script was introduced and adopted in 1928, and was subsequently replaced by Cyrillic in 1941.) Despite these aesthetic moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the U.S.S.R. In a referendum on the preservation of the U.S.S.R. in March 1991, 88.7% of the voters approved the proposal to retain the U.S.S.R. as a "renewed federation."

On August 19, 1991, when the State Emergency Committee assumed power in Moscow, there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup had collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the Communist Party Soviet Union (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the USSR on August 31, 1991.

In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent Republic by direct ballot, receiving 95% of the votes cast. Together with the representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed the Treaty of the New Economic Community. Finally, on December 21, 1991, Kyrgyzstan joined with the other four Central Asian Republics to formally enter the new Commonwealth of Independent States. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the UN and the CSCE.

Current concerns in Kyrgyzstan include: privatization of state-owned enterprises, expansion of democracy and political freedoms, inter-ethnic relations, and terrorism.

The Uzbek history is marked by two great empires. The Persian Empire left a great legacy to the sedentary lifestyle. The Uzbek origin is unclear, but would have taken its name from a small son of Chengis Khan. Their origin could be Mongolian or Kyrgyz, but certainly nomadic. Thus the Timurid Empire creates a new territory, the greatest empire of all time, while the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand are an essential place in the Empire.

Nature of Mongolia is beautiful and diverse. As we move to the south-east, with decreasing altitude, density of vegetation gradually decreases and reaches the level of the Gobi desert region. There are 2351 species of seed plants and ferns. Some of them are used as raw material for the manufacture of tools of traditional Chinese medicine:

• ginseng,
• ephedra,
• licorice.

There are 114 species of wild animals and more than 51 species of birds. Many of them are protected by law:

• snow leopard,
• moose,
• tiger
• deer,
• sika deer.

In broad intermountain basins are located magnificent pastures. The river valleys have fertile soil, rivers are full of fish.

Nepal amazes tourists that the country has a large variety of plants and animals. Nepal is a biodiversity hot spot with ecoregions broadly comprising the mountainous ecoregion, the savanna and grasslands ecoregion of the terai (foothills), and the Rara Lake ecoregion, which has many endemic species.

In the southern region of Terai are growing bushy bamboo forests and hardwood trees. At the foot of the mountains are growing pine, oak and a large number of wild flowers. At altitudes up to 3660 m is dominated by spruce. Mains reserve are the Chitwan and the Sagarmatha National Parks.

The Terai inhabited by:​

• Bengal tigers,
• leopards,
• Indian elephants,
• Bengal monitor,
• red panda,
• Indian rhinoceros
• deers​

In mountainous areas inhabited by:

• wild goats,
• mountain sheep,
• Himalyan monal
• snowleopard,
• Tibetan fox,
• Tibetan wolves

There are probability that not all animal species are still discovered today, some years ago, a new horse specie was discovered. And some are still searching the Yeti.

China - a unique natural complex in which territory inhabited by the tenth part all the animals in the world.

According to studies, about 470 species of animals living in China are found nowhere else in the world. Among them:

• chinese panda
• golden monkey,
• chinese tiger,
• Crossoptilon,
• Manchurian crane,
• white dolphin

In China, there are more than 30 thousand species of plants and trees, more than 2 thousands of plants is suitable for human consumption and more than 3 thousand of medicinal plants, including such exotic specimens as:

• Chanbayshan ginseng,
• Tibetan safflower

The country’s flora and fauna are represented by various species of rare and unique animals and plants, many of which are entered in the Red Book.

About six thousand of plant species vegetate in Kazakhstan, about 500 species of birds, 178 species of animals, 49 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians may be encountered in its spaciousness and about 100 species of fishes – in the rivers and lakes.

There are juniper forests and alpine meadows there, apple trees and walnuts are growing in the gorges. 

The Kazakh steppes present an impressive and absorbing sight. One can meet there several hundreds of bird species. One of the rarest and most beautiful bird species - pink flamingos.     

The mammals are distinguished with:

• the snow leopard,
• brown bear,
• Siberian ibex.

The deserts of Kazakhstan are inhabited by goitered gazelles and jerboas as well as vipers - a terror of deserts. In addition to them another 16 species of snakes were found in the territory of Kazakhstan.

Flora of Turkmenistan is made of relic forests, subtropics with a set of rare plants, picturesque nooks with preserved centuries-old vegetation.

More than 2.5 thousand plant species grow on the territory of Turkmenistan including about 700 ones in the Kara Kum Desert. Among the most precious plants is 2,000-thousand-old juniper (Turkmen archa) growing on inaccessible tops of the Kopet Dagh. 

Turkmenistan nature calls tourists with its unique attractions: tremendous flora - forests of wild fruit and nut trees, juniper forests on mountain slopes, pistachio savanna forests, saxaul forests, flood-plain tugais.

The fauna is presented with the species of 91 mammals, 372 birds, 74 reptiles and 60 fishes:

• Central Asian leopards,
• argalis,
• koulans,
• goitered gazelles;

Еnchanting sceneries - from picturesque mountain ridges to lifeless desert sands, from green oases to multikilometer sea coast.

The fauna of Tajikistan is diverse. Animals that live here have adapted to the peculiarities of topography and climate.

It is home to the representatives of typical Nordic animal:

• a bear,
• a rabbit,
• a badger,
• a weasel,
• a squirrel,
• a Siberian ibex.

Many Central Asian and Indo-Tibetan kinds:

• an Asian leopard,
• a Himalayan snow cock,
• a Tibetan Wolf.

Indian animal species found here porcupine, swallow, oriole, Afghan kinds - mouflon, starling-lane, cobra, lizard, mosquitoes, termites.

Natural conditions are favorable for the development of mammals: carnivores, ungulates (70 species) and reptiles (46 species). A lot of different insects (more than 10 thous. Species), more than 350 species of birds. A distinctive feature of Tajikistan - the relative poverty of fish fauna (40 species), which is explained by the relative youth of the rivers and lakes. Some animals, such as: wild boar, hare, fox, badger, rock partridge, duck India have commercial value.

Ichthyologists bred in floodplain lakes trout perch, and in mountain rivers - native species of trout.

The mountainous terrain and climate determine the richness of diversity and originality of the forms of flora of Tajikistan. There are "representatives" of the north and south, east and west.

 Among the plants, along with native species:

• saxaul,
• pistachio,
• juniper,
• wormwood
• thistles  

Тhere are Mediterranean plants:

• hawthorn,
• walnut,
• fig,
• sycamore.

Tajikistan - one of the centers of the initial distribution of such cultural cereals like rye, wheat.

In the mountains and valleys there are more than 5000 types of plants.