Diversity of flora in Kyrgyzstan is determined by the altitudinal zoning. Slopes, varying by humidity, create different kinds of vegetation. On northern slopes steppes, meadow-steppes, meadows, bushes and forests are wide spread. On southern slopes, because of dry climate there are no zones of forests and alpine meadows; semi-deserts and deserts prevail here.

Flora of Kyrgyzstan numbers more than 3676 plants of lower species and 3786 plants of higher species. 600 types of useful wild growing flora are found in the territory of the Republic.

The most known plants of Kyrgyz Republic are: 

• Tulips of Greig 
• Tulips of Kaufmann 
• Tulips of Kolpakowsky 
• Edelweiss 
• Tien-Shan Fir 
• Fir of Semyonov 
• Archa

The most widely spread trees are spruce, juniper (archa), and nut- and fruit-tree forests. There are also spruce, maple, poplar-willow, and birch forests and Tien-Shan rowan-trees grow everywhere. There are walnut forests occupying an area of over 600,000 hectares,  in the South-East of Kyrgyzstan in the Fergana and Chatkal ranges at altitudes between 1000 and 2200 meters a. s. l.

In alpine meadows (at an altitude of 3000 meters a. s. l.) edelweiss, dandelion, Alpine Aster, Semenov onion and primroses grow. Edelweiss is not as rare as it is in Europe. At certain times of the year the mountain sides may be covered with poppies or tulips. About 5 km south of the Jety Orguz sanatoria, is Dolina Svetov (Valley of the flowers) a valley opens out which is ablaze with colour from May — when there are multitudes of poppies — throughout early summer.

In the forests, steppes, and meadows it is possible to find many different species of funguses.

The Fauna is various enough and non-uniform by origin. The basis of fauna of region is made with the kinds typical for the central-Asian and Mediterranean regions. Here it is possible to find more than 500 kinds spinal, including 83 kinds of mammals, 368 kinds of birds, 28 kinds of reptiles, 3 kinds of amphibians, 75 kinds of fishes, 3000 kinds of insects. In summer on the Alpine meadows there is a brown bear, are concentrated the most part of a livestock arkhar, it is a lot of marmots, hares and mountain goats. Wolves are found also. Above a snow line on rocky ledges (up to height of 4,4 km) nest some kinds of birds. At height about 4500 m there are mountain goats, from predators - a snow leopard. Rare kinds of animals such as arkhar, the bison, goat, a red deer, a bear, the deer, a lynx, a snow leopard, are brought in the Red book.

Most of the country is desert and steppe, dominated by an artemisia, a salsola, a sand acacia, a saxaul and a tamarisk. The vegetation of river valleys that occur on dry plains, is fundamentally different from the surrounding desert vegetation. Here there are forests "tugai", where there are a poplar, a willow and a mulberry. In the eastern part of Uzbekistan on the slopes extend broadleaf forests of nut trees, a maple, a birch, an ash and a poplar.

The fauna of the vast desert areas of Uzbekistan is represented by wild boars, wolves, foxes, rabbits and a variety of lizards, snakes and rodents.

In local deserts lives a  rare saiga antelope and a half meter lizard.
Mountainous areas inhabited by wild boars, wolves, foxes, mountain goats, martens, badgers and a rare snow leopard.
Here there are a pheasants, a larks, an owls and large birds of prey.

In reservoirs of Uzbekistan live a dozen species of fish, including the Aral salmon, a trout, a pike, a Aral barbel, a carp, a goldfish, a catfish, a pike.

The tugrik is the official currency of Mongolia. 

Dollar USD and Euro  - the most popular currency in Ulan-Baator. So, exchange your currency beforehand in large cities. It would be better to exchange currency only in banks or in large exchange offices.

The rupee is the official currency of Nepal. It is subdivided into 100 paisa. There are banknotes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 rupees, coins of 1, 2 and 5 rupees, as well as 5, 10, 25 and 50 paise. Coins are not frequently used.

Banks are open from Monday to Thursday from 09.00-10.00 to 14.00-14.30, Friday - from 10.00 to 12.00. Day off - Saturday. Official exchange offices usually work from 9.00 am to 19.00, during the week.The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Nepal Rastra Bank. The Nepalese rupee is pegged to the Indian rupee.

On 6.05.2016, the rate was 1 USD = 106 nepalese roupies

Chinese monetary unit is the yuan, one of the most stable currencies in the world, according to international financial institutions. The exchange rate 8 yuans per dollar has been maintained for several years.

The monetary unit of China has the other name – the ren min bi, translated as “people’s money” .

Currently China has in circulation 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 yuan-banknotes, as well as coins 1, 2 and 5 chiaos; 1, 2 and 5 fyney (1 yuan = 10 chiaos = 100 fyneys). Upon arrival to Chins, it is possible to exchange the foreign money for yuans in bank of China. The currency can also be exchanged in some hotels and shops. 

The national currency of Kazakhstan came into circulation on 15 November 1993.

Today, tenge has 18 levels of protection, and is included in the list of the most protected currencies of the world. Currently, there are the following banknotes to the value of 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 tenge and coins – 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 tenge.

Kazakhstan has the most advanced banking system in Central Asia. Banks work Monday to Friday, 9 a.m. till 5.30 p.m. US Dollars and Euros can be exchanged into tenges in any bank or exchange offices. 

The manat is the currency of Turkmenistan. It was introduced on 1 November 1993, replacing the Russian ruble at a rate of 1 manat = 500 rubles. All notes, with exception to only the 1 and 5 manats bear a portrait of former president Saparmurat Niyazov.  Currently, issued banknote are 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 

The word "manat" is borrowed from the Russian word "монета" "moneta" meaning "coin". Likewise, 'manat' was the name of theSoviet ruble in both Azeri and Turkmen.

As of October 30, 2000, Somoni is a national currency of Tajikistan, which became a worthy replacement of the Tajik Rouble. International designation – TJS. One Somoni is equal to 100 Dirams.  Present day on the territory of Tajikistan banknotes of the following nominal are involved in the monetary circulation: 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1, 5, 20, 50 Dirams and coins: 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 Dirams and 1, 3 and 5 Somoni. Name of the Tajik national currency derives from the name of Ismail Somoni, the founder of the first Tajik state. There is the national emblem and flag of Tajikistan on each banknote. All the denominations have different colours, sizes and specific images. Mostly all the bills has depictions of Tajik outstanding people, historical and cultural monuments.

What is the currency in Uzbekistan?
The currency of Uzbekistan is the Uzbek sum (UZS).  Banknotes and coins are used in circulation. Banknotes of different denominations, on the back of which are represented architectural monuments of the country. 
With which currency to go to Uzbekistan? 
It is advisable to come to Uzbekistan with dollars and euros. When they are exchanged on the territory of the country, there are no problems. Banks are willing to exchange any of the above currencies for an Uzbek sum. 
Where and how to exchange money in Uzbekistan? 
The exchange offices in Uzbekistan are not too numerous. Usually, they are open in hotels. In addition, foreign exchange transactions are carried out by the banks. Please note that for financial transactions at the bank, you may need identification documents. On the street, so-called «street money changers» never change money - not only will you be offered the most disadvantageous course, and may also face problems with the local police (as such activity in Uzbekistan is considered illegal).    
Use of the credit card. 
In Uzbekistan, the use of bank cards is not very frequent, so it is advisable for tourists to always have money with them. Often the credit cards of the VISA and Master Card payment systems are accepted in the major hotels of the international networks of inexpensive restaurants, sometimes in the most touristic places. Simple shopping centers, cafes, or hotels do not serve bank cards. It is also interesting to note that ATMs are often located only in Tashkent. In Bukhara and Samarkand, there is almost no ATM, so it is better not to rely on the use of a bank card in these cities and to bring money.

National currency of Kyrgyz Republic - som, consist of 100 tyiin.

Banknotes som are: 1 som, 5 som, 10 som, 20 som, 50 som, 100 som, 200 som, 500 som and 1000 som.

Banknotes of tyiin are: 1 tyiin, 10 tyiin, 50 tyiin.

Nowadays tyiins usually are not used.

It is not a problem to exchange currency in Bishkek now. There are a lot of commercial banks in Kyrgyzstan and exchange offices. Most of them are situated in Bishkek, but you can find it in other cities of Kyrgyzstan. But sometimes it is almost impossible to exchange your currency in villages and little towns. So, exchange your currency beforehand in large cities. It would be better to exchange currency only in banks or in large exchange offices.

Dollar USD and Euro  - the most popular currency in Kyrgyzstan. But it is not a problem to exchange Russian Ruble and Kazakh Tenge.

You can pay in dollar or Euro in some tourist shops and restaurant in Bishkek city. 

You should draw attention to the condition of your currency. Most of exchange offices and some banks will not exchange shabby, crushed and old notes.

Nepalese cuisine refers to the food eaten in Nepal. Nepal's cultural and geographic diversity has resulted in a variety of cuisines based upon ethnicity and on soil and climate. 

The subtropical character of the latter allows for intensive agriculture, including rice, lentils, corn, wheat and potatoes are the main productions.

Strongly Vegetarian, Nepalese cuisine is based on the use of rice and lentils. It borrows both, Indian and Tibetan food traditions, whose influence dates back to the Middle Ages.

Chinese cuisine includes styles originating from the diverse regions of China, as well as from Chinese people in other parts of the world including most Asia nations. The history of Chinese cuisine in China stretches back for thousands of years and has changed from period to period and in each region according to climate, imperial fashions, and local preferences. Over time, techniques and ingredients from the cuisines of other cultures were integrated into the cuisine of the Chinese people due both to imperial expansion and from the trade with nearby regions in pre-modern times, and from Europe and the New World in the modern period. In addition, dairy is rarely—if ever—used in any recipes in the style.

The "Eight Culinary Cuisines" of China are Anhui, Cantonese, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan, and Zhejiang cuisines.

The staple foods of Chinese cooking include rice, noodles, vegetables, and sauces and seasonings.

Plov (pilaf) is at the center of the restaurant menus and Uzbek culture. There are no parties without plov. May be accompanied by shashlyk (meat skewer) and each southern city has its own recipe.

Uzbek cuisine has been also heavily influenced by neighboring countries.

Culinary art of Tajik people was formed for many centuries.

Meat dishes are basically cooked from mutton and goat's flesh. Since Tajiks are Moslems they do not eat pork at all. Very popular is horse meat.

Flat cakes are traditional Tajik bread. They are made from yeast, simple and rich, unleavened as well as fancy pastry. Flat cakes are baked in tandyrs - clay ovens stoked with fire wood. 

Soups in Tajik cuisine are very thick, rich, with aroma of spices. Tajiks cook their soups basically from meat, bone broth or preliminary frying thinly cut meat, sometimes with milk or vegetable broth.

Sweets, drinks and fruit which in Europe crown any meal are served twice during meals in Orient, and sometimes even three times - they are served before, after and during meals. The national pastry - twiglets, puff sweet pies and, naturally, halvah - is very popular and delicious.

The cuisine of Turkmenistan, is similar to that of the rest of Central Asia.  Plov, shorba and manty are the staple, everyday food, which is also served at celebrations. 

A wide variety of filled pies and fried dumplings are available in restaurants and bazaars, including somsa, gutap (often filled with spinach), and ishlykly. These are popular with travelers and taxi drivers, as they can be eaten quickly on the run, and are often sold at roadside stands.

Turkmen cuisine does not generally use spices or seasonings, and is cooked with large amounts of cottonseed oil for flavor.

Kazakh cuisine is the cuisine of Kazakhstan, and traditionally is focused on mutton and horse meat, as well as various milk products. 

The Kuurdak or kurdak is often called the national dish of Kazakhstan. It is a roasted horse offal dish, sheep, cow, including the heart, liver, kidneys and other organs and cut and served with onions and peppers)

Beshbarmak, is the national dish among nomadic Turkic peoples in Central Asia.

The term Beshbarmak means "five fingers", because the dish is eaten with one's hands. The boiled meat is finely chopped with knives, mixed with boiled noodles, and spiced with onion sauce. It is usually served in a big round dish. Beshbarmak is usually served withshorpo – mutton broth in bowls called kese.

The tandyr nan is a baked traditional bread in a tandoor oven. It is popular in the cities of the Silk Road.

Kyrgyzstan stood on the crossroads of the Silk Road, and the caravan routes which crossed the territory carried not only goods for trade, but also brought examples of various cultures: Turkish, Persian, Arabian, Indian, Chinese, Russian and European and these mingled with the culture and traditions of Central Asia. As a result Kyrgyz cuisine has absorbed elements from all of the cultures with which it came into contact, and although many dishes that you will find are common throughout Central Asia, it is sill possible to find examples that have preserved their original, national identity.

Meat is central to Kyrgyz cooking - the nomadic way of life did no allow for the growing of fruit and vegetables - although these can be found in abundance in modern Kyrgyzstan. One of the most essential features of Kyrgyz cuisine is that dishes should preserve their taste and appearance. Sauces are intended only to bring out the taste of the dish - not to change it.

Boorsok - pieces of dough, deep fried in boiling oil - is a traditional table "decoration". They are produced in large quantities and spread over the derstokan or table at every major celebration.

Beshbarmak - perhaps the most typical Kyrgyz dish. The dish is meant to be eaten with the hands, not with a knife and fork! "Besh" means five and "Barmak"  - finger. Beshbarmak is served when guests arrive and at almost any festive gathering. This meal consists of noodles, which are mixed with boiled meat but into tiny pieces and served with a medium spicy sauce. Bullion is then poured over the mixture.

Shashlyk and Kebabs - meat cubes on skewers cooked over the embers of burning twigs. Mutton is the meat usually used, but it is possible to find beef, chicken, liver and even pork shashlyk. The meat may simply be freshly sliced or may gave been marinated overnight. Be warned, if the meat is mutton, then almost certainly one of the pieces on the skewer will be pure fat...the dripping fat onto the burning embers is thought to enhance the taste. Shashlyk is usually served with a sprinkling of raw onion, vinegar and lepyoshki.

Plov - rice mixed with boiled, or fried meat, onions and carrots (and sometimes other ingredients such as raisins), all cooked in a semi-hemispherical metal bowl called a kazan over a fire. Plov is a favorite dish in the South and is served to honored guests - the meal is not considered over until it has been served.

Lagman - flat noodles cooked in a stew of tiny pieces of mutton, potatoes, carrots, onions and white radishes. A Russian version, minus the noodles called Shorpo, can often be found.

In Uzbekistan, to get to other parts of the country, you can use the mini-buses. In Tashkent, buses start from the bus station near the metro station "Sobir Rakhimov." It is recommended to purchase tickets in advance, so passengers quickly snapping up seats. Tickets are sold to foreigners in the 51 street Movanurahr, from 8 am to 5 pm. For example the way to Bukhara will take 11 hours, to Kokand 3 hours, to Samarkand 6 hours, to Andijan 6 hours.

There are two main bus stations in Bishkek. At these bus stations you can take a minibus and get to any part of the country such as to the towns of the Chui Region as well as to Cholpon-Ata, Karakol, Naryn, Talas, Djalal-Abad, Osh etc. There is no well-defined bus schedule, so minibuses depart as soon ass they get full.

Located in the heart of Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan is a great mountain barrier between an environment of huge desert and steppes. The landscapes are so diverse, that this small country offers a multitude of reasons to go there. Semi-desert wedged between lakes and alpine forests, unexplored mountains, fertile plains and nomadic traditions have created the peculiarities of Kyrgyzstan.

During the 20th century, Kyrgyzstan was incorporated into the USSR. Nowadays, as an independent republic, Kyrgyzstan is struggling to successfully implement free-market reforms and maintain political and ethnic stability. The Kyrgyz government has been actively pursuing ethnic tolerance and democratization polices. Kyrgyzstan has the most liberal media in the former Soviet Union, while both the Russian and Kyrgyz languages are official in this country of well-educated population and a sizable Russian minority.

Kyrgyzstan has a self-sufficient agricultural sector, rich in mineral resources and with high potential in hydroelectric power generation, while economic ties remain strong with Russia and the other members of the Commonwealth Independent States (CIS).

Area:
total: 198,500 sq km 
land: 191,300 sq km 
water: 7,200 sq km

Climate:
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone

Geography - note:
landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes

Ethnic groups:
Kyrgyz 72.1%, Uzbek 14.3%, Russian 6.8%, Dungan 1.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (2012 census)

Languages:
Kyrgyz (official), Russian (official)

Mongolia is a landlocked country in Northern Asia, strategically located between China and Russia.

The geography of Mongolia is varied with the Gobi Desert to the south and with cold and mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of steppes and much of the Gobi Desert. The terrain is one of mountains and rolling plateaus, with a high degree of relief. Overall, the land slopes from the high Altai Mountains of the west and the north to plains and depressions in the east and the south. The Khüiten Peak in extreme western Mongolia on the Chinese border is the highest point (4,374 meters).

Its area is 1,564,116 sq km (ranked 19th in the world) and the average attitude is 1580m. The highest point is Mount of Khuiten culminating at 4374 m altitude in the northwest. 

It has the lowest density in the world is 1,6hab / km ². 

Landscape: Mountains dominate two thirds of the country, nearly 8% of the territory is covered by forest and most landscapes are wide open prairies, plains and desert. Taiga and forest steppe also cover much of the country. 

Climate: The country has a continental climate that is changing very quickly. There are four clear-cut seasons! The temperature range is about 70 ° C between summer and winter. Mongolia is a remarkably sunny country (with relative sunshine 270 days / year). At night you can see an amazing display of stars. Winter is very long (November-April) and it is very cold in winter due to the high altitude of the country. In summer it is warmer in the Gobi in the south and in winter it is north of the country the lowest temperatures found. 

Population: Mongolia is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups and 2.7 million inhabitants according to the census of 2010, 60% of the population is under 35 years of which 60% are under 18! The number of newborns is growing very rapidly (Baby Boom). The government is pro-natalist policy to increase the population. 

Government: Mongolia has a parliamentary government with a president. The president is elected in general elections. Parliamentary and presidential elections are held every four years. The president can not make more than two terms. 

Administrative subdivisions: Mongolia is divided into 21 aimags (provinces), which are composed of 315 sums (small villages). There are two other major cities after the capital Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan and Erdenet. Each aimag has a capital where infrastructure is more developed. 

Telecommunications: Mongolia, most hotels and business centers offer direct international line, as well as telex, fax and internet connection. The most popular companies in Mongolia communication: Mobicom and Unitel-GSM, Skytel, Gmobile-CDMA. 

Currency: Tugrog (MNT). Currently (01/2012), 1 euro = 1800 MNT 

All times are UTC / GMT +8 hours 

Energy: There are a lot of coal for electricity generation. Part of the electricity is imported from Russia. Wind and solar energy are used locally on a small scale in Mongolia, but the potential for expansion in this area is considerable. 

Capital: The largest city in the country is Ulaanbaatar ("Red Hero"). Over 40% of the total population lives there. It became a city in 2006 with one million inhabitants. It is the economic, political, educational and cultural center of Mongolia. 

Mongolian language: the Mongols speak their own language, Mongolian. It is a language of Altaic origin as Turkish, Japanese and Korean. Mongolian has some regional differences in pronunciation, causing several local dialects. Although the Mongols of Inner Mongolia (China) speak Mongolian, they have a different accent. Kazakhs, the minority group in the country, speak Kazakh. The Cyrillic alphabet has been used since 1940 The youth of today are relearning the traditional Mongolian script Uigurjin which had not been used since 1940 in school. There are some newspapers and magazines that are published in traditional Mongolian script.

Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, China is the world's second-largest country by land area, and either the third or fourth-largest by total area, depending on the method of measurement. China's landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes and the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts in the arid north to subtropical forests in the wetter south. The Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third- and sixth-longest in the world, run from the Tibetan Plateau to the densely populated eastern seaboard. China's coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) long, and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East and South China Seas. (Wikipedia)

Capital: Beijing (39°55′N 116°23′E)
Largest city: Shanghai

Official languages: Standard Chinese
Recognised regional languages: Mongolian; Tibetan; Uyghur; Zhuang

Ethnic groups:
91.51% Han
55 minorities

People's Republic proclaimed: 1949 

Area: 9,596,961 km2

Population: 1,357,380,000

Density: 145/km2

Official Name: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

Area: 147,181 sq k

Geography: Nepal is a landlocked country located between China, in the North, and India in East, West and South. Highest point Mt. Everest (8,848m) and lowest Kechana (60m above sea level

Capital: Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. Kathmandu is a valley surrounded by four hills – Fulchowki, Chandragiri, Shivapuri and Nagarjun. Kathmandu valley has three major cities Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Patan. Situated at the altitude of 4,500 feet above sea level, Kathmandu is home to seven UNESCO World Heritage sites. Before the unification of Nepal in the 18th Century, the three cities were independent states ruled by the Malla kings.

Population: 29.3 million (according to the census of 2010

Language: Nepali is the national language. However, people speak Newari, Bhiojpuri, and Maithali among others as their mother tongue. People in the urban areas understand English quite well

Climate: Nepal has four seasons, namely, 1. winter (Dec-Feb), 2. Spring (June-Aug), 4.Autumn (Sep-Nov). Nepal can be visited round the year.

Political system: Multi-party system of Democracy

People\religion: Nepal had more than 105 ethnic groups with diverse culture, traditions and lifestyle. Nepali people can be divided into two distinct groups:Indo-Burman and Mongoloid. Nepal is a secular state with majority of people following Hinduism. However, people practicing Buddhism, Christianity and Islam among others live in a good harmony

Administrative Division: Though Nepal is a federal republic, federal states are yet to be carved. Nepal is divided into five development regions, 14 Zones and 75 Districts

Geographical Division: Geographically, Nepal is divided into Hills, Mountain and Tarai regions.

Entry Procedures:
All foreigners, except the Indians, need to have a valid passport and a visa to enter Nepal. Visas can be availed from Nepali diplomatic missions and consular offices station abroad or upon arrival at Tribhuvan International Airport and other entry points.

Kazakhstan is by far the largest of the Central Asian states of the former Soviet Union. It has borders with Russia, China, and the Central Asian countries of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.
Kazakhstan is the world's ninth biggest country by size, and it is more than twice the size of the other Central Asian states combined. Its lack of significant historical sites and endless featureless steppe have put many off Kazakhstan, while many still are captivated by the emptiness and mystery of this Goliath state. It will be many travelers’ first port of call on their Central Asian adventure, and there is much for the intrepid traveler to enjoy. Kazakhstan is the richest country in Central Asia, due to its large oil and natural gas reserves. The country is also the largest landlocked country. (Wikitravel)

Capital: Nur-Sultan (former Astana) (51°10′N 71°25′E) 
The largest city with a population of more than 1.8 million people is Almaty.
Largest city: The largest in terms of population is the city of Almaty. 
And the largest in territory - the city of Shymkent
Official languages: 
Kazakh (national) 
Russian
Ethnic groups:
67,98 % Kazakh
19,32 % Russian
3,21 % Uzbek
1,47 % Ukrainian
1,47 % Uyghur
1,1 % Tatar
1.1% German
4.35% others
Independence from the USSR: 1991
Area: 2 724 902 км²
Population: 18,671,893 
Density: 5.94/km2
Currency: Tenge (₸) (KZT)
Time: zone West / East (UTC+5 / +6)